ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF COMMONLY USED WATER SOURCES IN ADO-EKITI: PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Access to clean water is a vital public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries where reliance on unsafe water sources leads to diseases such as cholera and typhoid. This study examined the physical, chemical, and microbial qualities of different water sources in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, where many residents depend on untreated water from rivers, boreholes, wells, and rainwater. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional design, the research encompassed all water sources in the area. A sample was selected using purposive sampling techniques to ensure representation. Data collection involved using sterilized containers to gather water samples, which were then analyzed in a certified laboratory by experienced technicians. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis and presentation. The results indicated that river water was deemed unhealthy, with a pH of 6.9, turbidity (NTU) levels exceeding acceptable limits, and high total coliform counts of 180 CFU/100mL, posing significant health risks. Conversely, borehole and rainwater sources showed considerably lower contamination levels, with borehole water exhibiting a pH of 7.3, total dissolved solids (TDS) under 210 mg/L, and very low levels of microbial contaminants, classified as very healthy. The study concluded that while chemical parameters, including nitrates, chlorides, and fluoride, mostly met acceptable standards, ongoing microbial contamination underscores the urgent need for effective water treatment and consistent monitoring. Among other recommendations, the study emphasized the importance of implementing routine testing and community education on safe water practices.